See also: Controller
To be able to manage a controller, a user must have a controller superuser access level.
This document demonstrates various ways in which you can interact with a controller.
Bootstrap a controller
See also: Bootstrapping, List of supported clouds > <cloud name> > CLOUD
To create a juju controller in a cloud, use the bootstrap command:
On Kubernetes: The Juju controller needs two container images (one for the controller agent container and one for the database container). These are by default downloaded from Docker Hub, but can also be downloaded from public.ecr.aws/juju or https://ghcr.io/juju if you pass them to the caas-image-repo bootstrap configuration key. We currently recommend you get them from public.ecr.aws/juju: juju bootstrap mycloud --config caas-image-repo="public.ecr.aws/juju".
See more: List of controller configuration keys > caas-image-repo
While this key can technically be changed after bootstrap, that is only for a very specific use case (adjusting credentials used for a custom registry). For most cases it is safe to assume you can only set it during bootstrap.
juju bootstrap
This will start an interactive session where you will be asked for the name of the cloud and the name you want to give the controller.
Alternatively, you can specify these things directly by adding the name of the cloud and of the controller right after the bootstrap command. For example, below we bootstrap a controller with the name aws-controller into our aws cloud:
juju bootstrap aws aws-controller
When you use the bootstrap command in this way (non-interactively), you can also add many different options, to specify the cloud credentials to be used, to select a specific cloud region, to specify a storage pool, to constrain the controller or workload machines, to configure the deployment in various ways, to pass a cloud-specific setting, to choose a specific juju agent version, etc.
See more:
juju bootstrap
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
With the terraform juju client, in your Terraform plan, you can only connect to a pre-existing controller. You do that by configuring the juju provider to point to the pre-existing controller.
See more: How to manage the client
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
With the python-libjuju client, you can only connect to a pre-existing controller. See the section Switch to a different controller for more details.
See more: How to manage the client
Tips for production:
- Machines: Make sure to bootstrap with no less than 50 GB disk, 2 CPUs, and 4 GB RAM (e.g.,
juju bootstrap aws/us-east-1 mymachinecontroller --bootstrap-constraints "root-disk=50G cores=2 mem=4G"). Bootstrapping a controller like this allows you to manage a few hundred units. However, if your needs go beyond this, consider making the controller highly available.
See more: How to manage machine constraints for a controller, How to make the controller highly available
- Kubernetes: Juju does not currently support high-availability and backup and restore for Kubernetes controllers. Consider bootstrapping your controller on a machine cloud and then adding your Kubernetes cloud(s) to it, in a multi-cloud controller setup (juju add-k8s myk8scloud --controller mymachinecontroller).
See more: How to add a cloud
- Machines:
Bootstrap on machines consists of the following steps:
- Provision resources/a machine M from the relevant cloud, via cloud-init write a nonce file to verify we’ve found the machine we’ve provisioned.
- Poll the newly created instance for an IP address, and attempt to connect to M.
- Run the machine configuration script for M, which downloads, e.g., the
jujudbinaries, sets up networking, and starts jujud.
For failure at any point, retry the bootstrap command with the --debug, --verbose, and keep-broken flags:
juju bootstrap <cloud> <controller> --debug --verbose --keep-broken
See more:
juju bootstrap --keep-broken
~5% of the time bootstrap failure is due to some mirror server; in that case, retrying should succeed, and the flags won’t matter. However, ~95% of the time bootstrap failure is due to something else; in that case, keep-broken will ensure that the machine isn’t destroyed, so you can connect to it and examine the logs.
See more: How to manage logs > View the log files, How to troubleshoot your deployment
- Kubernetes:
Bootstrap on Kubernetes includes creating a Kubernetes pod called controller-0 containing a container called api-server. Matching this, the output of the bootstrap command includes Creating k8s resources for controller <namespace>, where <namespace> is something like controller-foobar. To troubleshoot, inspect this api-server container with kubectl:
kubectl exec controller-0 -itc api-server -n [namespace] -- bash
View all the known controllers
To see a list of all the controllers known to the juju client, run the controllers command:
juju controllers
Sample output for a case where there is just a single controller boostrapped into the localhost cloud:
Use --refresh option with this command to see the latest information.
Controller Model User Access Cloud/Region Models Nodes HA Version
localhost-controller* controller admin superuser localhost/localhost 1 1 none 3.0.0
By specifying various options you can also choose a specific output format, an output file, etc.
See more:
juju controllers
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
View details about a controller
To view detailed information about a controller, use the show-controller command, optionally followed by one or more controller names. For example, below we examine a controller called localhost-controller:
juju show-controller localhost-controller
By specifying various options you can also choose an output format, an output file, or get an output that includes the password for the logged in user.
See more:
juju show-controller
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
To view details about a controller in python-libjuju, with a connected controller object (below, controller), you can call the Controller.info() function to retrieve information about the connected controller:
await controller.info()
See more:
Controller.info()
Switch to a different controller
To switch from one controller to another, use the switch command followed by the name of the controller. For example, below we switch to a controller called localhost-controller-prod:
juju switch localhost-controller-prod
The switch command can also be used to switch to a different model. To remove any ambiguity, in some cases it may be safer to specify the model name explicitly on the template <controller-name>:<model-name>
See more:
juju switch
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
To switch to a different controller with python-libjuju, simply connect to the controller you want to work with, which is done by calling connect on the Controller object (below, controller):
from juju.model import Controller
controller = Controller()
await controller.connect() # will connect to the "current" controller
await controller.connect('mycontroller') # will connect to the controller named "mycontroller"
Note that if the controller object is already connected to a controller, then that connection will be closed before making the new connection.
See more:
Controller.connect(), Connect with Authentication, Connect with explicit endpoints
Configure a controller
See also: Configuration, List of controller configuration keys
See related: How to configure a model
Set values. A controller configuration key can be assigned a value during controller-creation time or post-creation time. The vast majority of keys are set in the former way.
- To set a controller’s configuration at controller-creation time, use the
bootstrapcommand with the--configfollowed by the relevant<key>=<value>pair(s). For example, the code below creates a controllerlocalhoston a cloudlxdand at the same time configures the controller such that thebootstrap-timeoutkey is 700 seconds:
juju bootstrap --config bootstrap-timeout=700 localhost lxd
- To set a controller’s configuration once it’s already been created, use the
controller-configcommand followed by the relevant<key>=<value>pair(s). For example, the code below configures an existing controller namedawsso as to record auditing information, with the number of old audit log files to keep being set at 5.
juju controller-config -c aws auditing-enabled=true audit-log-max-backups=5
See more:
juju bootstrap --config,juju controller-config
Get values. To get a controller’s current configuration, run:
juju controller-config
This will output a list of configuration keys and their values. This will include those that were set during controller creation, inherited as a default value, or dynamically set by Juju.
See more:
juju controller-config
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Manage constraints for a controller
See also: Constraint
To manage constraints for the controller, manage them for the controller model or the controller application.
If you want to set both types of constraints at the same time, and they are different:
You can. While the model-level constraints will apply to the entire controller model, the application-level constraints will make sure to override them for the controller application.
See more:
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Share a controller with other users
See also: User
The procedure for how to share a controller with other users depends on whether your controller is private or public.
Share a private controller. To share a private controller with other users:
- Create the users.
See more: How to add a user
- Send the users the information they need to register your controller with their client and to set up their login information for the controller.
See more: How to register a private controller
Share a public controller.
[TO BE ADDED]
Manage a controller’s connection to the client
To add / remove details of a controller to / from your Juju client, you need to register / unregister the controller.
Register a controller
If you are the creator of the controller: You can skip this step. It only applies for cases where you are trying to connect to an external controller.
The procedure for how to register a controller with the local system varies slightly depending on whether the controller is private or public.
Register a private controller. To register a private controller, use the register command followed by your unique registration key – that is, copy-paste and run the line of code provided to you by the person who has added you to the controller via the juju add-user command. For example:
juju register MFATA3JvZDAnExMxMDQuMTU0LjQyLjQ0OjE3MDcwExAxMC4xMjguMC4yOjE3MDcwBCBEFCaXerhNImkKKabuX5ULWf2Bp4AzPNJEbXVWgraLrAA=
This will start an interactive session prompting you to supply a local name for the controller as well as a username and a password for you as a new juju user on the controller.
Example session
Admin adding a new user ‘alex’ to the controller:
# Add a user named `alex`:
$ juju add-user alex
User "alex" added
Please send this command to alex:
juju register MFUTBGFsZXgwFRMTMTAuMTM2LjEzNi4xOToxNzA3MAQghBj6RLW5VgmCSWsAesRm5unETluNu1-FczN9oVfNGuYTFGxvY2FsaG9zdC1jb250cm9sbGVy
"alex" has not been granted access to any models. You can use "juju grant" to grant access.
New user ‘alex’ accessing the controller:
$ juju register MFUTBGFsZXgwFRMTMTAuMTM2LjEzNi4xOToxNzA3MAQghBj6RLW5VgmCSWsAesRm5unETluNu1-FczN9oVfNGuYTFGxvY2FsaG9zdC1jb250cm9sbGVy
Enter a new password: ********
Confirm password: ********
Enter a name for this controller [localhost-controller]: localhost-controller
Initial password successfully set for alex.
Welcome, alex. You are now logged into "localhost-controller".
There are no models available. You can add models with
"juju add-model", or you can ask an administrator or owner
of a model to grant access to that model with "juju grant".
The command also has a flag that allows you to overwrite existing information, for cases where you need to reregister a controller.
See more:
juju register, How to add a user
Register a public controller.
Network requirements: The client must be able to connect to the controller API over port 17070. Juju takes care of everything else. (And in most cases it takes care of this requirement too: for all clouds except for OpenStack Juju defaults to provisioning the controller with a public IP, and even for OpenStack you can choose to bootstrap with a floating IP as well.)
To register a public controller, use the register command followed by the DNS host name of the public controller. For example:
juju register public-controller.example.com
This will open a login window in your browser.
By specifying various flags you can also use this to reregister a controller or to type in your login information in your terminal rather than the browser.
See more:
juju register
Unregister a controller
To remove knowledge of the controller from the juju client, run the unregister command followed by the name of the controller. For example:
juju unregister localhost-controller-prod
Note that this does not destroy the controller (though, to regain access to it, you will have to re-register it).
See more:
juju unregister
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Make a controller highly available
See also: High availability
To make a controller highly available, use the enable-ha command:
Currently only supported for controllers on a machine cloud.
juju enable-ha
This will make sure that the number of controllers increases to the default minimum of 3. Sample output:
maintaining machines: 0
adding machines: 1, 2
Optionally, you can also mention a specific controller and also the number of controller machines you want to use for HA, among other things (e.g., constraints).
The number of controllers must be an odd number in order for a master to be “voted in” amongst its peers. A cluster with an even number of members will cause a random member to become inactive. This latter system will become a “hot standby” and automatically become active should some other member fail. Furthermore, due to limitations of the underlying database in an HA context, that number cannot exceed seven. All this means that a cluster can only have three, five, or seven active members.
If a controller is misbehaving, or if you’ve decided that you don’t need as many controllers for HA after all, you can remove them. To remove a controller, remove its machine from the controller model via the remove-machine command.
The enable-ha command cannot be used to remove machines from the cluster.
For example, below we remove controller 1 by removing machine 1 from the controller model:
juju remove-machine -m controller 1
If the removal of a controller will result in an even number of systems then one will act as a “hot standby”.
If the removal of a controller will result in an odd number of systems then each one will actively participate in the cluster.
See more:
juju enable-ha
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Collect metrics about a controller
Each controller provides an HTTPS endpoint to expose Prometheus metrics. To feed these metrics into Prometheus, configure Prometheus to scrape the controller’s metrics. You can do that automatically via Juju relations or manually.
Configure Prometheus automatically
Available starting with Juju 3.3.
Whether your controller is on machines or Kubernetes, requires a Kubernetes cloud. (That is because the required Prometheus charm is only available for Kubernetes.)
If you’re on a Kubernetes cloud: While it is possible to deploy Prometheus directly on the controller model, it’s always best to keep your observability setup on a different model (and ideally also a different controller and a different cloud region or cloud).
To configure Prometheus to scrape the controller for metrics automatically, on a Kubernetes cloud add a model; on it, deploy prometheus-k8s, either directly or through the cos-lite bundle; offer prometheus-k8s’ metrics-endpoint for cross-model relations; switch to the controller model and integrate the controller application with the offer; run juju status --relations to verify that the relation is up and running; and query Prometheus for your metric of interest.
Sample session
Assumes your controller application and Prometheus are on different models on the same Kubernetes cloud and that you are deploying Prometheus (prometheus-k8s) through the Canonical Observability Stack bundle (cos-lite). However, the logic would be entirely the same if they were on the same controller but different clouds (multi-cloud controller setup) or on different controllers on different clouds (except in some cases you may also have to explicitly grant access to the offer).
$ juju add-model observability
$ juju deploy cos-lite
$ juju status -m cos-lite --watch 1s
$ juju offer prometheus:metrics-endpoint
$ juju switch controller
$ juju integrate controller admin/cos-lite.prometheus
$ juju status --relations
# Query Prometheus:
# (where the bit before `9090` is the Prometheus unit's IP address
# and juju_apisever_request_duration_seconds` is an example metric)
$ curl 10.1.170.185:9090/api/v1/query?query=juju_apiserver_request_duration_seconds
See more:
Configure Prometheus manually
Useful if your Prometheus is outside of Juju.
The Prometheus server must be able to contact the controller’s API address/port `17070. (Juju controllers are usually set up to allow this automatically.)
To configure Prometheus to scrape the controller for metrics manually:
-
On the Juju side create a user for Prometheus and grant the user read access to the controller model (e.g.,
juju add-user prometheus,juju change-user-password prometheus,juju grant prometheus read controller– whereprometheusis just the name we’ve assigned to our Juju user for Prometheus). -
Either: On the Prometheus side, configure Prometheus to skip validation. Or: On the Juju side, configure the controller to store its CA certificate in a file that Prometheus can then use to verify the server’s certificate against (
juju controller-config ca-cert > /path/to/juju-ca.crt). -
Add a scrape target to Prometheus by configure your
prometheus.yamlwith the following:
In the username field, the user- portion in front of the name we’ve assigned to the Juju user for Prometheus is required.
scrape_configs:
job_name: juju
metrics_path: /introspection/metrics
scheme: https
static_configs:
targets: ['<controller-address>:17070']
basic_auth:
username: user-<name of Juju user for Prometheus, e.g., 'prometheus'>
password: <password of Juju user for Prometheus>
tls_config:
ca_file: /path/to/juju-ca.crt
Back up a controller
This section demonstrates the various steps involved in backing up a controller.
The procedure documented below is currently supported only for machine (non-Kubernetes) controllers.
Create a controller backup
To create a backup of a controller configuration / metadata, use the create-backup followed by the -m flag and the name of the target controller model. For example, assuming a controller called localhost-controller, and the standard controller model name (controller), we will do:
juju create-backup -m localhost-controller:controller
Alternatively, you can switch to the controller model and use this command without any arguments or use the -m flag followed by just controller. However, due to the delicate nature of data backups, the verbose but explicit method demonstrated above is highly recommended.
Sample output:
backup format version: 1
juju version: 3.0.0
base: ubuntu@22.04
controller UUID: ca60f7e9-647b-4460-8232-fe75749e17c7
model UUID: a04d7604-3073-45b7-871f-030ac0360fb4
machine ID: 0
created on host: juju-360fb4-0
checksum: BrOGsXIK375529xlXJHX7m23Amk=
checksum format: SHA-1, base64 encoded
size (B): 114919198
stored: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC
started: 2022-11-09 09:06:46.800165238 +0000 UTC
finished: 2022-11-09 09:07:05.133077079 +0000 UTC
notes:
Downloaded to juju-backup-20221109-090646.tar.gz
The backup is downloaded to a default location on your computer (e.g., /home/user). A backup of a fresh (empty) environment, regardless of cloud type, is approximately 75 MiB in size.
The create-backup command also allows you to specify a custom filename for the backup file (--filename <custom-filename>). Note: You can technically also choose to save the backup on the controller (--no-download), but starting with juju v.3.0 this flag is deprecated.
See more:
juju create-backup
Download a controller backup
Suppose you’ve created a backup with the --no-download option, as shown below (where controller is the name of the controller model).
Starting with juju v.3.0, this flag is deprecated.
$ juju create-backup -m controller --no-download
WARNING --no-download flag is DEPRECATED.
backup format version: 1
juju version: 3.0.0
base: ubuntu@22.04
controller UUID: ca60f7e9-647b-4460-8232-fe75749e17c7
model UUID: a04d7604-3073-45b7-871f-030ac0360fb4
machine ID: 0
created on host: juju-360fb4-0
checksum: tjqEvlspc88mYQmjV9u/m4i+prg=
checksum format: SHA-1, base64 encoded
size (B): 114919131
stored: 0001-01-01 00:00:00 +0000 UTC
started: 2022-11-09 09:08:51.314128218 +0000 UTC
finished: 2022-11-09 09:09:10.296320799 +0000 UTC
notes:
Remote backup stored on the controller as /tmp/juju-backup-20221109-090851.tar.gz
As you can see from the output, this has resulted in the backup being saved remotely on the controller as /tmp/juju-backup-20221109-090851.tar.gz.
To download the backup, use the download-backup command followed by the remote location of the backup. In our case:
juju download-backup /tmp/juju-backup-20221109-090851.tar.gz
This will output the name of the downloaded backup file. In our case:
juju-backup-20221109-090851.tar.gz
This file will have been downloaded to a temporary location (in our case, /home/user).
See more:
juju download-backup
Restore a controller from a backup
To restore a controller from a backup, you can use the stand-alone juju-restore tool.
First, download the juju-restore tool and copy it to the target controller’s ha-primary machine (typically, machine 0). To identify the primary controller machine, you can use the juju show-controller – its output will list all the machines and the primary will contain ha-primary: true:
juju show-controller
...
controller-machines:
"0":
instance-id: i-073443a840f1a3626
ha-status: ha-enabled
ha-primary: true
"1":
instance-id: i-0be2c1b818e54a2ba
ha-status: ha-enabled
"2":
instance-id: i-0b4705ede7d3c0faa
ha-status: ha-enabled
...
Then you can copy the restore tool:
# Download the latest release binary (Linux, AMD64):
wget https://github.com/juju/juju-restore/releases/latest/download/juju-restore
chmod +x juju-restore
# Switch to the controller model:
juju switch controller
# Copy juju-restore to the primary controller machine:
juju scp juju-restore 0:
Second, assuming that during the create-backup step you chose to save a local copy (the default option), use scp to copy the file to the same controller machine, as shown below.
juju scp <path-to-backup> 0:
If you’ve used create-download with the --no-download option, you can skip this step – the backup is already on the primary controller machine.
Now, SSH into this machine and run ./juju-restore followed by the path to the backup file, as shown below. All replica set nodes need to be healthy and in PRIMARY or SECONDARY state.
# SSH into the controller machine
juju ssh 0
# Start the restore! (it will ask for confirmation)
./juju-restore <path-to-backup>
The juju-restore tool also provides several options, among which:
--yes: answer “yes” to confirmation prompts (for non-interactive mode)--include-status-history: restore the status history collection for machines and units (which can be large, and usually isn’t needed)--username,--password, and related options: override the defaults for connecting to MongoDB--allow-downgrade: restore from a backup created with an earlierjujuversion--manual-agent-control: (in the case of restoring backups to high availability controllers) stop and restartjujuagents and Mongo daemons on the secondary controller machines manually--copy-controller: clone the configuration of an old controller into a new controller (download the latestjuju-restoreto see this option).
For the full list of options, type: ./juju-restore --help
See more:
juju-restore
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Upgrade a controller
The procedure depends on whether you’re upgrading your controller’s patch version (e.g. 2.9.25 → 2.9.48) or rather its minor or major version (e.g., 3.1 → 3.4 or 2.9 → 3.0).
Upgrade your controller’s patch version
To upgrade your controller’s patch version, on the target controller, use the juju upgrade-controller command with the --agent-version flag followed by the desired patch version (of the same major and minor):
juju upgrade-controller --agent-version <current major. current minor. target patch>
For example, assuming a controller version 3.0.0, to upgrade to 3.0.2:
juju upgrade-controller --agent-version 3.0.2
Upgrade your controller’s minor or major version
It is not possible to upgrade a controller’s minor or major version.
Instead, you should
- use a client upgraded to the desired version to bootstrap a new controller of that version;
- recreate your old controller’s configuration (settings, users, clouds, and models – for machine clouds you can use the
juju create-backupcommand and the standalonejuju-restoretool) in the new controller; - migrate your models from the old controller to the new (
juju migrate) and upgrade them to match the new controller’s version; - help your users connect to the new controller (run
juju change-user-password, then send them the new registration string).
See How to upgrade your deployment for a full demo!
See more:
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Remove a controller
See also: Removing things
There are two ways to remove a controller. Below we demonstrate each, in order of severity.
For how to remove knowledge about a controller from a juju client, see Unregister a controller.
Destroy a controller
A controller can be destroyed with:
juju destroy-controller <controller-name>
You will always be prompted to confirm this action. Use the -y option to override this.
As a safety measure, if there are any models (besides the ‘controller’ model) associated with the controller you will need to pass the --destroy-all-models option.
Additionally, if there is persistent storage in any of the controller’s models you will be prompted to either destroy or release the storage, using the --destroy-storage or --release-storage options respectively.
For example:
juju destroy-controller -y --destroy-all-models --destroy-storage aws
Any model in the controller that has disabled commands will block a controller
from being destroyed. A controller administrator is able to enable all the commands across all the models in a Juju controller so that the controller can be destroyed if desired. This can be done via the enable-destroy-controller command: juju enable-destroy-controller.
See more:
juju destroy-controller
Use the kill-controller command as a last resort if the controller is not accessible for some reason.
Kill a controller
The kill-controller command deserves some attention as it is very destructive and also has exceptional behaviour modes. This command will first attempt to remove a controller and its models in an orderly fashion. That is, it will behave like destroy-controller. If this fails, usually due the controller itself being unreachable, then the controller machine and the workload machines will be destroyed by having the client contact the backing cloud’s API directly.
See more:
juju kill-controller
The terraform juju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
The python-libjuju client does not support this. Please use the juju client.
Contributors: @cderici, @hmlanigan, @pmatulis, @tmihoc